Effect of Stress, Depression and Anxiety on Blood Glucose Level in Pregnant Women
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46568/bios.v4i2-3.125Keywords:
Anxiety, Blood Glucose, Depression, Stress, Pregnant WomenAbstract
Introduction: Pregnancy is a rollercoaster ride for a woman. With joy and excitement, there are also times of stress, anxiety, and depression. This research aims to investigate the effect of anxiety, depression and stress on blood glucose levels in pregnant women. Methodology: In this cross-sectional study, 123 pregnant women were included using random sampling. DASS-21 questionnaire, a validated tool, was used to determine stress, anxiety and depression. Random Blood glucose levels of the study participants were measured. The Chi-square test was used, and p values were determined. Results: Among 123 females, 56.91% (n=70) were stressed, 78.86% (n=97) were depressed, and 84.55% (n=104) were anxious. Blood glucose level was significantly higher in stressed and depressed pregnant females (X2 = 12.77, P-value = 0.0004 and X2 =5.75 0.016, P-value: 0.016 respectively). Conclusion: Stressed and depressed pregnant women were found to have higher blood glucose levels. Anxiety didn’t significantly affect blood glucose levels in pregnant females.
References
Stein A, Pearson RM, Goodman SH, Rapa E, Rahman A, McCallum M, et al. Effects of perinatal mental disorders on the fetus and child. Lancet. 2014;384(9956):1800-19.
Valsamakis G, Chrousos G, Mastorakos G. Stress, female reproduction and pregnancy. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2019; 100: 48-57.
Sinesi A, Maxwell M, O'Carroll R, Cheyne H. Anxiety scales used in pregnancy: systematic review. BJPsych open. 2019; 5(1): 1-13.
Martínez-Paredes JF, Jácome-Pérez N. Depression in pregnancy. Rev Colomb Psiquiatr. 2019; 48(1): 58-65.
Aneja J, Chavan BS, Huria A, Goel P, Kohli N, Chhabra P. Perceived stress and its psychological correlates in pregnant women: an Indian study. Int J Cult Ment Health. 2018;11(3): 268-79.
Tang X, Lu Z, Hu D, Zhong X. Influencing factors for prenatal stress, anxiety and depression in early pregnancy among women in Chongqing, China. J Affect Disord. 2019; 253(15): 292-302.
Konarzewska U, Gertner D, Sperlich S. Maternal stress and anxiety during pregnancy: impact on the health of the newborn. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health.2018; 12(1): 1-14.
Hahn-Holbrook J, Buss C, Glynn LM. Maternal stress and anxiety during pregnancy and risk of stillbirth. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2018; 218(3):355-364.
Talge NM, Neal C, Glover V. Antenatal maternal stress and long-term effects on child neurodevelopment: how and why?. J Child Psychol Psychiatry.2007; 48(3): 245-261.
Kim YS, Swain JE. Postpartum depression: a review of the literature on risk factors and interventions. Nurs Res.2007; 56(6):355-367.
Kim SH, Choi HK, Choi MS. Impact of stress, anxiety, and depression on pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord.2019; 263: 25–33.
Park J, Kim YJ, Bae JH. Effects of prenatal stress, anxiety and depression on birth outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Womens Ment Health.2018;26(3):36-52.
Effati-Daryani F, Zarei S, Mohammadi A, Hemmati E, Ghasemi Yngyknd S, Mirghafourvand M. Depression, stress, Anxiety and their predictors in Iranian pregnant women during the outbreak of COVID-19. BMC Psychol. 2020;8(1):1-10.
Craig L, Sims R, Glasziou P, Thomas R. Women's experiences of a diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020;20(1):1-15.
Jacques A, Chaaya N, Beecher K, Ali SA, Belmer A, Bartlett S. The impact of sugar consumption on stress driven, emotional and addictive behaviors. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019;103:178-99.
Mangi R, Warsi J, Sadiq N, Raziq H, Buriro AA, Laghari ZA. Comparison of Blood Glucose Level in Different Trimester with Stress, Anxiety Depression among Young Pregnant Females. Pakistan J. Medical Health Sci. 2022;16(07):198-202.
Ghaemmaghami P, Dainese SM, La Marca R, Zimmermann R, Ehlert U. The association between the acute psychobiological stress response in second trimester pregnant women, amniotic fluid glucocorticoids, and neonatal birth outcome. Dev Psychobiol. 2014;56(4):734-47.
Wieczorek A, Perani CV, Nixon M, Constancia M, Sandovici I, Zazara DE, et al. Sex-specific regulation of stress-induced fetal glucocorticoid surge by the mouse placenta. Am J Physiol Endocrinol. 2019;317(1):E109-E20.
Kouhkan A, Khamseh ME, Pirjani R, Moini A, Arabipoor A, Maroufizadeh S, et al. Obstetric and perinatal outcomes of singleton pregnancies conceived via assisted reproductive technology complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2018;18(1):1-11.
OuYang H, Chen B, Abdulrahman AM, Li L, Wu N. Associations between gestational diabetes and anxiety or depression: a systematic review. J Diabetes Res. 2021; 31(3):1-10.
J.D. Wisner. Depression during pregnancy and hemoglobin A1c levels in the third trimester. J Diabetes Res.2017; 27(7):317-21.
S.E. Grote. Maternal depression and gestational diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry.2017;74(7): 691-699.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 BioSight
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
